Professor RAO Xiangrong holds that renal involvement in Sjögren's syndrome （RISS） belongs to the category of "kidney impediment" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with a pathogenesis characterized by a mixture of deficiency and excess. Deficiency syndromes are mainly

qi

and

yin

deficiency， as well as spleen and kidney deficiency， while excess syndromes are mainly wind-dampness， damp-turbidity， dampness-heat， blood stasis， and turbid toxin， with the presence of micro masses. Based on micro-syndrome differentiation， Professor RAO notes that the pathogenesis and syndrome manifestations differ between renal tubulointerstitial damage and glomerulonephritis. In cases where rena

l tubulointerstitial damage predominates， the pathogenesis is dysfunction of the triple energizer pivot with disordered ascending and descending of

qi

， commonly presenting as

qi

and

yin

deficiency， damp-turbidity， dampness-heat， and blood stasis syndromes. In cases where glomerulonephritis predominates， the pathogenesis is spleen and kidney deficiency with obstruction of the collaterals， commonly characterized by the interweaving of turbid toxin and blood stasis. In treatment， the principles of supplementing

qi

and nourishing

yin

， strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidney， promoting blood circulation， and dredging the collaterals are applied throughout the disease course， combined with methods such as dispelling wind and removing dampness， and clearing heat and detoxifying， often achieving favorable clinical outcomes.